"importlib.metadata" -- Accessing package metadata
**************************************************

Added in version 3.8.

버전 3.10에서 변경: "importlib.metadata" is no longer provisional.

**Source code:** Lib/importlib/metadata/__init__.py

"importlib.metadata" is a library that provides access to the metadata
of an installed Distribution Package, such as its entry points or its
top-level names (Import Packages, modules, if any). Built in part on
Python's import system, this library intends to replace similar
functionality in the entry point API and metadata API of
"pkg_resources".  Along with "importlib.resources", this package can
eliminate the need to use the older and less efficient "pkg_resources"
package.

"importlib.metadata" operates on third-party *distribution packages*
installed into Python's "site-packages" directory via tools such as
pip. Specifically, it works with distributions with discoverable
"dist-info" or "egg-info" directories, and metadata defined by the
Core metadata specifications.

중요:

  These are *not* necessarily equivalent to or correspond 1:1 with the
  top-level *import package* names that can be imported inside Python
  code. One *distribution package* can contain multiple *import
  packages* (and single modules), and one top-level *import package*
  may map to multiple *distribution packages* if it is a namespace
  package. You can use package_distributions() to get a mapping
  between them.

By default, distribution metadata can live on the file system or in
zip archives on "sys.path".  Through an extension mechanism, the
metadata can live almost anywhere.

더 보기:

  https://importlib-metadata.readthedocs.io/
     The documentation for "importlib_metadata", which supplies a
     backport of "importlib.metadata". This includes an API reference
     for this module's classes and functions, as well as a migration
     guide for existing users of "pkg_resources".


개요
====

Let's say you wanted to get the version string for a Distribution
Package you've installed using "pip".  We start by creating a virtual
environment and installing something into it:

   $ python -m venv example
   $ source example/bin/activate
   (example) $ python -m pip install wheel

다음을 실행하여 "wheel"에 대한 버전 문자열을 얻을 수 있습니다:

   (example) $ python
   >>> from importlib.metadata import version
   >>> version('wheel')
   '0.32.3'

You can also get a collection of entry points selectable by properties
of the EntryPoint (typically 'group' or 'name'), such as
"console_scripts", "distutils.commands" and others.  Each group
contains a collection of EntryPoint objects.

여러분은 배포 메타데이터를 얻을 수 있습니다:

   >>> list(metadata('wheel'))
   ['Metadata-Version', 'Name', 'Version', 'Summary', 'Home-page', 'Author', 'Author-email', 'Maintainer', 'Maintainer-email', 'License', 'Project-URL', 'Project-URL', 'Project-URL', 'Keywords', 'Platform', 'Classifier', 'Classifier', 'Classifier', 'Classifier', 'Classifier', 'Classifier', 'Classifier', 'Classifier', 'Classifier', 'Classifier', 'Classifier', 'Classifier', 'Requires-Python', 'Provides-Extra', 'Requires-Dist', 'Requires-Dist']

또한 배포의 버전 번호를 가져오고, 구성 파일을 나열하고, 배포의 요구사
항 리스트를 얻을 수 있습니다.

exception importlib.metadata.PackageNotFoundError

   Subclass of "ModuleNotFoundError" raised by several functions in
   this module when queried for a distribution package which is not
   installed in the current Python environment.


기능적 API
==========

이 패키지는 공용 API를 통해 다음과 같은 기능을 제공합니다.


진입 지점
---------

importlib.metadata.entry_points(**select_params)

   Returns a "EntryPoints" instance describing entry points for the
   current environment. Any given keyword parameters are passed to the
   "select()" method for comparison to the attributes of the
   individual entry point definitions.

   Note: it is not currently possible to query for entry points based
   on their "EntryPoint.dist" attribute (as different "Distribution"
   instances do not currently compare equal, even if they have the
   same attributes)

class importlib.metadata.EntryPoints

   Details of a collection of installed entry points.

   Also provides a ".groups" attribute that reports all identified
   entry point groups, and a ".names" attribute that reports all
   identified entry point names.

class importlib.metadata.EntryPoint

   Details of an installed entry point.

   Each "EntryPoint" instance has ".name", ".group", and ".value"
   attributes and a ".load()" method to resolve the value. There are
   also ".module", ".attr", and ".extras" attributes for getting the
   components of the ".value" attribute, and ".dist" for obtaining
   information regarding the distribution package that provides the
   entry point.

Query all entry points:

   >>> eps = entry_points()

The "entry_points()" function returns a "EntryPoints" object, a
collection of all "EntryPoint" objects with "names" and "groups"
attributes for convenience:

   >>> sorted(eps.groups)
   ['console_scripts', 'distutils.commands', 'distutils.setup_keywords', 'egg_info.writers', 'setuptools.installation']

"EntryPoints" has a "select()" method to select entry points matching
specific properties. Select entry points in the "console_scripts"
group:

   >>> scripts = eps.select(group='console_scripts')

Equivalently, since "entry_points()" passes keyword arguments through
to select:

   >>> scripts = entry_points(group='console_scripts')

Pick out a specific script named "wheel" (found in the wheel project):

   >>> 'wheel' in scripts.names
   True
   >>> wheel = scripts['wheel']

Equivalently, query for that entry point during selection:

   >>> (wheel,) = entry_points(group='console_scripts', name='wheel')
   >>> (wheel,) = entry_points().select(group='console_scripts', name='wheel')

Inspect the resolved entry point:

   >>> wheel
   EntryPoint(name='wheel', value='wheel.cli:main', group='console_scripts')
   >>> wheel.module
   'wheel.cli'
   >>> wheel.attr
   'main'
   >>> wheel.extras
   []
   >>> main = wheel.load()
   >>> main
   <function main at 0x103528488>

The "group" and "name" are arbitrary values defined by the package
author and usually a client will wish to resolve all entry points for
a particular group.  Read the setuptools docs for more information on
entry points, their definition, and usage.

*Compatibility Note*

The "selectable" entry points were introduced in "importlib_metadata"
3.6 and Python 3.10. Prior to those changes, "entry_points" accepted
no parameters and always returned a dictionary of entry points, keyed
by group. With "importlib_metadata" 5.0 and Python 3.12,
"entry_points" always returns an "EntryPoints" object. See
backports.entry_points_selectable for compatibility options.


배포 메타데이터
---------------

importlib.metadata.metadata(distribution_name)

   Return the distribution metadata corresponding to the named
   distribution package as a "PackageMetadata" instance.

   Raises "PackageNotFoundError" if the named distribution package is
   not installed in the current Python environment.

class importlib.metadata.PackageMetadata

   A concrete implementation of the PackageMetadata protocol.

   In addition to providing the defined protocol methods and
   attributes, subscripting the instance is equivalent to calling the
   "get()" method.

Every Distribution Package includes some metadata, which you can
extract using the "metadata()" function:

   >>> wheel_metadata = metadata('wheel')

The keys of the returned data structure name the metadata keywords,
and the values are returned unparsed from the distribution metadata:

   >>> wheel_metadata['Requires-Python']
   '>=2.7, !=3.0.*, !=3.1.*, !=3.2.*, !=3.3.*'

"PackageMetadata" also presents a "json" attribute that returns all
the metadata in a JSON-compatible form per **PEP 566**:

   >>> wheel_metadata.json['requires_python']
   '>=2.7, !=3.0.*, !=3.1.*, !=3.2.*, !=3.3.*'

The full set of available metadata is not described here. See the PyPA
Core metadata specification for additional details.

버전 3.10에서 변경: The "Description" is now included in the metadata
when presented through the payload. Line continuation characters have
been removed.The "json" attribute was added.


배포 버전
---------

importlib.metadata.version(distribution_name)

   Return the installed distribution package version for the named
   distribution package.

   Raises "PackageNotFoundError" if the named distribution package is
   not installed in the current Python environment.

The "version()" function is the quickest way to get a Distribution
Package's version number, as a string:

   >>> version('wheel')
   '0.32.3'


배포 파일
---------

importlib.metadata.files(distribution_name)

   Return the full set of files contained within the named
   distribution package.

   Raises "PackageNotFoundError" if the named distribution package is
   not installed in the current Python environment.

   Returns "None" if the distribution is found but the installation
   database records reporting the files associated with the
   distribuion package are missing.

class importlib.metadata.PackagePath

   A "pathlib.PurePath" derived object with additional "dist", "size",
   and "hash" properties corresponding to the distribution package's
   installation metadata for that file.

The "files()" function takes a Distribution Package name and returns
all of the files installed by this distribution. Each file is reported
as a "PackagePath" instance. For example:

   >>> util = [p for p in files('wheel') if 'util.py' in str(p)][0]
   >>> util
   PackagePath('wheel/util.py')
   >>> util.size
   859
   >>> util.dist
   <importlib.metadata._hooks.PathDistribution object at 0x101e0cef0>
   >>> util.hash
   <FileHash mode: sha256 value: bYkw5oMccfazVCoYQwKkkemoVyMAFoR34mmKBx8R1NI>

일단 파일을 얻으면, 내용을 읽을 수도 있습니다:

   >>> print(util.read_text())
   import base64
   import sys
   ...
   def as_bytes(s):
       if isinstance(s, text_type):
           return s.encode('utf-8')
       return s

You can also use the "locate()" method to get the absolute path to the
file:

   >>> util.locate()
   PosixPath('/home/gustav/example/lib/site-packages/wheel/util.py')

In the case where the metadata file listing files ("RECORD" or
"SOURCES.txt") is missing, "files()" will return "None". The caller
may wish to wrap calls to "files()" in always_iterable or otherwise
guard against this condition if the target distribution is not known
to have the metadata present.


배포 요구 사항
--------------

importlib.metadata.requires(distribution_name)

   Return the declared dependency specifiers for the named
   distribution package.

   Raises "PackageNotFoundError" if the named distribution package is
   not installed in the current Python environment.

To get the full set of requirements for a Distribution Package, use
the "requires()" function:

   >>> requires('wheel')
   ["pytest (>=3.0.0) ; extra == 'test'", "pytest-cov ; extra == 'test'"]


Mapping import to distribution packages
---------------------------------------

importlib.metadata.packages_distributions()

   Return a mapping from the top level module and import package names
   found via "sys.meta_path" to the names of the distribution packages
   (if any) that provide the corresponding files.

   To allow for namespace packages (which may have members provided by
   multiple distribution packages), each top level import name maps to
   a list of distribution names rather than mapping directly to a
   single name.

A convenience method to resolve the Distribution Package name (or
names, in the case of a namespace package) that provide each
importable top-level Python module or Import Package:

   >>> packages_distributions()
   {'importlib_metadata': ['importlib-metadata'], 'yaml': ['PyYAML'], 'jaraco': ['jaraco.classes', 'jaraco.functools'], ...}

Some editable installs, do not supply top-level names, and thus this
function is not reliable with such installs.

Added in version 3.10.


배포
====

importlib.metadata.distribution(distribution_name)

   Return a "Distribution" instance describing the named distribution
   package.

   Raises "PackageNotFoundError" if the named distribution package is
   not installed in the current Python environment.

class importlib.metadata.Distribution

   Details of an installed distribution package.

   Note: different "Distribution" instances do not currently compare
   equal, even if they relate to the same installed distribution and
   accordingly have the same attributes.

While the module level API described above is the most common and
convenient usage, you can get all of that information from the
"Distribution" class. "Distribution" is an abstract object that
represents the metadata for a Python Distribution Package. You can get
the concrete "Distribution" subclass instance for an installed
distribution package by calling the "distribution()" function:

   >>> from importlib.metadata import distribution
   >>> dist = distribution('wheel')
   >>> type(dist)
   <class 'importlib.metadata.PathDistribution'>

Thus, an alternative way to get the version number is through the
"Distribution" instance:

   >>> dist.version
   '0.32.3'

There are all kinds of additional metadata available on "Distribution"
instances:

   >>> dist.metadata['Requires-Python']
   '>=2.7, !=3.0.*, !=3.1.*, !=3.2.*, !=3.3.*'
   >>> dist.metadata['License']
   'MIT'

The full set of available metadata is not described here. See the PyPA
Core metadata specification for additional details.


Distribution Discovery
======================

By default, this package provides built-in support for discovery of
metadata for file system and zip file Distribution Packages. This
metadata finder search defaults to "sys.path", but varies slightly in
how it interprets those values from how other import machinery does.
In particular:

* "importlib.metadata" does not honor "bytes" objects on "sys.path".

* "importlib.metadata" will incidentally honor "pathlib.Path" objects
  on "sys.path" even though such values will be ignored for imports.


검색 알고리즘 확장하기
======================

Because Distribution Package metadata is not available through
"sys.path" searches, or package loaders directly, the metadata for a
distribution is found through import system finders.  To find a
distribution package's metadata, "importlib.metadata" queries the list
of *meta path finders* on "sys.meta_path".

By default "importlib.metadata" installs a finder for distribution
packages found on the file system. This finder doesn't actually find
any *distributions*, but it can find their metadata.

추상 클래스 "importlib.abc.MetaPathFinder"는 파이썬의 임포트 시스템에
의해 파인더가 기대하는 인터페이스를 정의합니다. "importlib.metadata"는
"sys.meta_path"의 파인더에서 선택적인 "find_distributions" 콜러블을 조
회함으로써 이 프로토콜을 확장하고 이 확장된 인터페이스를 다음과 같은
추상 메서드를 정의하는 "DistributionFinder" 추상 베이스 클래스로 제공
합니다:

   @abc.abstractmethod
   def find_distributions(context=DistributionFinder.Context()):
       """Return an iterable of all Distribution instances capable of
       loading the metadata for packages for the indicated ``context``.
       """

"DistributionFinder.Context" 객체는 검색할 경로와 일치할 이름을 가리키
는 ".path"와 ".name" 프로퍼티를 제공하고 다른 관련 문맥을 제공할 수 있
습니다.

이것이 실제로 의미하는 것은, 파일 시스템이 아닌 위치에서 배포 패키지
메타 데이터를 찾는 것을 지원하려면, "Distribution"을 서브 클래싱하고
추상 메서드를 구현해야 한다는 것입니다. 그런 다음 사용자 정의 파인더의
"find_distributions()" 메서드에서, 이 파생된 "Distribution"의 인스턴스
를 반환하십시오.
